ISSN print edition: 0366-6352 ISSN electronic edition: 1336-9075 Registr. No.: MK SR 9/7 Published monthly

Ultrasound assisted dispersive solid-phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector for determination of caffeine and carbamazepine in environmental samples using exfoliated graphite/chitosan hydrogel

Neliswa Mpayipheli, Anele Mpupa, and Philiswa Nosizo Nomngongo

Department of Chemical Sciences, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa

E-mail: pnnomngongo@uj.ac.za

Received: 14 December 2021  Accepted: 15 June 2022

Abstract:

In this study, an exfoliated graphite/chitosan hydrogel was used as an adsorbent in ultrasound assisted dispersive solid-phase extraction of caffeine (CAF) and carbamazepine (CBZ) from water samples. The analytes were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector. The adsorbent material was characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The most influential experimental factors were optimized using a central composite design. Under optimum conditions, the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for CAF were 0.018 µg/L and 0.06 µg/L, respectively. While for CBZ, the LOD and LOQ were 0.011 µg/L and 0.04 µg/L, respectively. Percentage recovery ranged from 87 to 112%, and relative standard deviation (%) was less than 6%. This method was applied for the determination of CAF and CBZ in wastewater and river water samples.

Keywords: Ultrasound assisted µ-solid-phase extraction; Caffeine; Carbamazepine; Response surface methodology; Aquatic environment

Full paper is available at www.springerlink.com.

DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02328-4

Chemical Papers 76 (11) 6985–6996 (2022)