ISSN print edition: 0366-6352 ISSN electronic edition: 1336-9075 Registr. No.: MK SR 9/7 Published monthly

Ultrasound-assisted cooling crystallization of ciprofloxacin using ultrasonic horn

Yagna S. Hirpara and Parag R. Gogate

Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, India

E-mail: pr.gogate@ictmumbai.edu.in

Received: 21 March 2024  Accepted: 1 June 2024

Abstract:

Ciprofloxacin is an essential oral fluoroquinolone drug used in various bacterial infection diseases. For any pharmaceutical drug, crystallization is an important step to decide the final crystal size and any deviations result in problems in downstream processing. Ultrasound-assisted cooling crystallization of ciprofloxacin has been targeted in the current work to control the crystallization and produce smaller crystals than the conventional process. An in-depth study into the effect of operating parameters revealed that the optimized ultrasound parameters of 80 W as the ultrasonic power, 80% duty cycle, and three irradiation cycles produced the best results with 2.90 µm as average particle size and 87.98% as the obtained yield. Conventional batch crystallization of ciprofloxacin resulted in a higher average particle size of 4.86 µm and 86.85% as the obtained yield. The characterization studies elucidated that there is no change in chemical structure after the ultrasound treatment and the crystal morphology is also unaltered. The overall outcome suggested intensification benefits of applying ultrasound to the cooling crystallization of ciprofloxacin.

Keywords: Ciprofloxacin; Crystallization; Ultrasound; Particle size; Crystal morphology

Full paper is available at www.springerlink.com.

DOI: 10.1007/s11696-024-03549-5

Chemical Papers 78 (11) 6483–6498 (2024)