ISSN print edition: 0366-6352 ISSN electronic edition: 1336-9075 Registr. No.: MK SR 9/7 Published monthly

Review on synthesis of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene

Svetlana V. Strokova, Maksim A. Lenskiy, Sergey V. Sysolyatin, Natalia A. Alekseeva, Yuri A. Balakhnin, Valeria V. Eremina, Daria A. Kulagina, Danil I. Koleno, Andrey V. Ozhogin, Anatoly S. Penkin, Vitaly G. Uskov, and Elena Y. Shumilova

Institute for Problems of Chemical and Energetic Technologies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPCET SB RAS), Biysk, Russia

E-mail: sveta.ru.1997@bk.ru

Received: 5 October 2024  Accepted: 27 January 2025

Abstract:

The development of energetic materials always involves a trade-off between sensitivity and performance. Replacing the common nitroamines with FOX-7 (1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene) has led not only to a reduction in the sensitivity of explosive systems but also to an improvement in their detonation performance, which is why FOX-7 is the subject of numerous studies. Despite the widespread interest in FOX-7, it is difficult to consider FOX-7 an affordable substance due to its high price, which is associated with small-scale production. The present paper has reviewed the synthetic methods for FOX-7. Two main routes to FOX-7 are currently well-known: a synthetic protocol using imidazole derivatives and a synthetic protocol with 2-methyl-4,6-dihydroxypyrimidine. The problems in the production of FOX-7 are discussed herein. The synthetic methods for imidazoles and 2-methyl-4,6-dihydroxypyrimidine used are considered. The properties of FOX-7 and its relevance of use are briefly discussed.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords: FOX-7; Imidazoles; 2-Methyl-4,6-Dihydroxypyrimidine (MDOP); 2-(dinitromethylene)-4,5-Imidazolidinedione (DNMID)

Full paper is available at www.springerlink.com.

DOI: 10.1007/s11696-025-03933-9

Chemical Papers 79 (5) 2643–2655 (2025)