ISSN print edition: 0366-6352 ISSN electronic edition: 1336-9075 Registr. No.: MK SR 9/7 Published monthly

Sustainable synthesis of carbon nanomaterials with various dimensions and their biomedical uses: a review

Shruthi Venkataraman, Prakash Gopinath, Megala Jambulingam, Sandeep Arya, and Ashok K. Sundramoorthy

Centre for Nano-Biosensors, Department of Prosthodontics and Materials Science, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India

E-mail: ashok.sundramoorthy@gmail.com

Abstract:

Carbon nanomaterials have gained the attention of researchers in the biomedical field due to their versatile characteristics, such as unique structural, physical, and chemical properties. Their tunable structures with respect to the synthesis process have led to their applications in various fields of biomedicine. We critically analysed the sustainable synthesis approaches, including green chemistry routes, thermal carbonisation, microwave-assisted methods, hydrothermal processes, pyrolytic techniques, and emerging computationally guided methods. This review encompasses diverse carbon sources, including biomass waste, synthetic polymers, coal derivatives, graphite, and nanocellulose. We demonstrate that dimensional control achieved through strategic precursor synthesis directly influences biomedical performance in cancer therapeutics, tissue-engineering scaffolds, multimodal bioimaging platforms, and cardiovascular applications. Unlike previous application-centric or waste-valorisation reviews, this work integrates sustainability principles with rational materials design, providing researchers with a predictive framework for developing tailored carbon nanomaterials for specific biomedical applications.

Full paper is available at www.springerlink.com.

DOI: 10.1007/s11696-026-05019-6

Chemical Papers 80 (10) 11531–11551 (2026)