Adsorption of carbamazepine using natural bentonite modified with nano zero-valent iron and activated carbon: a comparative studySaleh Sulaiman and Mohammed Al-Jabari Chemistry Department, Science Faculty, Birzeit University, Birzeit, Ramallah, Palestine
E-mail: ssuliaman@birzeit.edu Received: 14 January 2025 Accepted: 15 March 2025 Abstract: This work created a new composite adsorbent by combining nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) and bentonite using a sodium borohydride (NaBH4) reduction technique. The structure and characteristics of this nanoscale composite were investigated using various of techniques, including SEM, TEM, XRD, FTIR, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The efficacy of the modified adsorbent in removing carbamazepine (CBZ) from aqueous solutions was evaluated by investigating several influencing factors, including adsorbent dosage, contact time, temperature, pH, and initial CBZ concentration. A comparative analysis was performed to evaluate the performance of the composite against two commercial adsorbents, activated carbon (AC) and bentonite (B). The results revealed that the B-nZVI composite achieved an impressive 92% CBZ removal efficiency, surpassing the performance of AC (68%) and B (15%) in a 25 mg/L aqueous solution of CBZ using 0.2 g/L of adsorbents. Meanwhile, the efficiency increased to 99% when the adsorbent dose was raised to 0.3 g/L. The adsorption process followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model and conformed to the Langmuir isotherm, demonstrating a maximum capacity of 142.9 mg/g for the B-nZVI composite. Thermodynamic analysis, including the parameters ΔH°, ΔS°, and ΔG°, indicated that the adsorption process is endothermic and spontaneous at the measured temperature. Finally, filtration tests confirmed the superior performance of the B-nZVI composite, establishing it as a promising adsorbent for water purification. Keywords: Boron Nitride; Graphene Oxide; Nanocomposites; Pollution Remediation; Water Treatment; Zeolites; Zero-valent iron; Bentonite; Carbamazepine; Adsorption; Activated carbon Full paper is available at www.springerlink.com. DOI: 10.1007/s11696-025-04021-8
Chemical Papers 79 (6) 3643–3657 (2025) |
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