ISSN print edition: 0366-6352 ISSN electronic edition: 1336-9075 Registr. No.: MK SR 9/7 Published monthly

Entropy analysis of rhombohedral bilayer germanium phosphide for sustainable material development

Muhammad Akmal, Hifza Iqbal, Muhammad Akhtar Tarar, and Muhammad Farhan Hanif

Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

E-mail: akmalsial1194@gmail.com

Received: 3 February 2025  Accepted: 15 March 2025

Abstract:

The molecular structures of different chemicals and medications are intrinsically linked to their related pharmacological and biological capabilities. Topological indices serve as numerical descriptors that are calculated for diverse molecular structures, capturing various aspects of their properties. Collectively, these indices provide an indicator of the molecular framework and its capacity to influence the physicochemical properties, biological activities, or pharmacological effects. In this paper, we have studied the entropy of rhombohedral bilayer germanium phosphide using degree-based topological indices like Randic index, Zagreb indices, and others. This approach is based on the concept of structure coverage graph. With this representation and calculation, any such information theoretic structural indices can be calculated, and a rich relationship between material entropy and its structural properties has been established in coupling radiation method unlike earlier work. The insights might be used to not only inform a more complete picture of rhombohedral bilayer germanium phosphide but also push the boundaries on material creation in fields from advanced semiconductor applications to other high-tech industries.

Keywords: Crystal Engineering; Photonic Crystals; Topological Insulator; Topological Material; Topological effects in photonic systems; Topology; Rhombohedral bilayer germanium phosphide; Entropy; Topological indices; Structural analysis; Materials science; Semicon

Full paper is available at www.springerlink.com.

DOI: 10.1007/s11696-025-04023-6

Chemical Papers 79 (6) 3679–3694 (2025)