Synthesis of sustainable environmental nanomaterial to remove ciprofloxacin from aqueous solution by adsorption technique with statistical modelingInas S. Aldabagh and Khalid Khazzal Hummadi Department of Building and Construction, Technical Engineering College-Mosul, Northern Technical University, Mosul, Iraq
E-mail: inasaldabag@ntu.edu.iq Received: 27 June 2025 Accepted: 17 September 2025 Abstract: An increasing number of contaminants, including micro-pollutants like pharmaceuticals, are showing up in water sources and might affect aquatic life. We need a reliable way to eliminate micro-pollutants so that people may live safely, as wastewater management is inadequate. Walnut shells manufactured using nanoparticles of zinc oxide (WaSh@ZnO) were used in the research into the adsorption and elimination of ciprofloxacin (CIP) from water. The WaSh@ZnO was created and defined utilizing energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). The produced WaSh@ZnO exhibited mesoporous properties, including a surface area of 29.24 m2/g, a pore volume of 0.0821 cm3/g, and a pore width of 11.243 nm. The Box–Behnken statistical design was used to study the batch adsorption parameters, which may be changed, including pH (4–10), temperature (25–35 °C), duration (10–110 min), adsorbent dosage (0.1 mg/L), and CIP concentration (10–100 mg/L). The evolutionary algorithm was used to assess the maximum removal at 52.2 mg/L, 7.4 pH, 95 min, and 26.3 °C. Multiple isotherms and kinetic models were used to analyze the adsorption data, and the sum of normalized errors methodology was used to estimate the best values. Researchers determined that 319,703 mg/g was the highest adsorption capacity for CIP. According to the kinetics, the data were well-fit by the pseudo-second-order model. The CIP adsorption was shown to be exothermic (ΔH°) and spontaneous (ΔG°), according to the thermodynamic research. Keywords: Adsorption; Antibiotics; Isotherm; Kinetic; Nanoparticles; Thermodynamic Full paper is available at www.springerlink.com. DOI: 10.1007/s11696-025-04391-z
Chemical Papers 80 (1) 289–308 (2026) |
Sunday, April 26, 2026 
|
|||
© 2026 Chemical Papers |
|
|||
